什麼是彌爾

Mill, John Stuart

英國哲學家和經濟學家。他由父親詹姆斯.彌爾個別全力教導。在《邏輯學體系》（1843）中，他極力整理出以因果關係解釋為本的人文科學邏輯。父親打算讓他繼承哲學家邊沁的衣缽，1823他協助邊沁創立功利學會，雖然後來他大幅修改了承自兩人的功利主義，以解決它所面對的批判。1825年他與邊沁共同創立倫敦的大學學院。在《論自由》（1859）中，彌爾滔滔不絕地扞衛個人自由。他的《功利主義論》（1863）是以相近的推理嘗試答覆人們對其道德理論的反對意見和消除人們的誤解，他特別強調「功利」包括想像的樂趣和高尚情感的滿足，並在他的理論體系中為遵循一定的做人原則留下一席之地。《論婦女的從屬地位》（1869）對女權做出強烈而具有爭議性的呼籲。其他作品包括《政治經濟學原理》（1848）、《論宗教的三篇短評》（1874）和一本自傳（1873）。身為19世紀改革時代重要的公眾人物，他一直有興趣當邏輯學家和道德理論家。亦請參閱Mill's methods。

1806～1873年

Mill, John Stuart

British philosopher and economist. He was educated exclusively and exhaustively by his father, James Mill. In A System of Logic (2 vols., 1843), he makes a valiant attempt to formulate a logic of the human sciences based on causal explanation. Intended by his father as the philosophical successor to Jeremy Bentham, he cofounded the Utilitarian Society with Bentham (1823), though he later significantly modified the utilitarianism he inherited from both men to meet the criticisms it encountered. In 1825 he and Bentham cofounded University College London. In On Liberty (1859) Mill eloquently defended individual freedom. His Utilitarianism (1863) was a closely reasoned attempt to answer objections to his ethical theory and address misconceptions about it; he was especially insistent that “utility” include the pleasures of the imagination and the gratification of the higher emotions, and that his system include a place for settled rules of conduct. His The Subjection of Women (1869) made a strong and controversial call for women's rights. His other works include Principles of Political Economy (1848), Three Essays on Religion (1874), and an autobiography (1873). Prominent as a publicist in the reforming age of the 19th century, he remains of lasting interest as a logician and ethical theorist. See also Mill's methods.