什麼是芭蕾

一種把正規的學院派舞蹈技巧結合音樂、服裝和舞臺佈景等其他藝術要素的戲劇性舞蹈。從文藝復興時期宮廷的表演發展而來，芭蕾在路易十四世時期重新復興，1661年他成立皇家舞蹈研究院，任命博尚（P. Beauchamp）為院長，博尚發展出五個芭蕾舞位置。早期的芭蕾常伴隨著歌唱，往往合併入諸如盧利這樣的作曲家們的歌劇芭蕾中。18世紀時，諾維爾和安吉奧利尼分別創作了情節舞劇（ballet d'action），透過舞步和默劇來敘述一個故事，這一種改革也反映在葛路克所作的音樂中。19世紀初期芭蕾舞有了重大發展，包括腳尖點地的舞姿（以腳趾尖端保持平衡），以及首席芭蕾伶娜的出現，如塔利奧尼和埃爾絲勒。19世紀末、20世紀初，透過佳吉列夫、帕芙洛娃、尼金斯基、佩季帕和福金等人的革新，使俄國成為芭蕾劇的製作和表演中心；大型芭蕾舞劇多由柴可夫斯基和史特拉汶斯基作曲。此後，英國和美國的芭蕾舞學校努力將本國的芭蕾舞地位提昇到俄國芭蕾的層次，同時欣賞芭蕾舞的觀眾也增加了許多。亦請參閱American Ballet Theatre、Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo、Ballets Russes、Bolshoi Ballet、New York City Ballet、Royal Ballet。

ballet

Theatrical dance in which a formal academic technique (the danse d'école) is combined with music, costume, and stage scenery. Developed from court productions of the Renaissance, ballet was renewed under Louis XIV, who established France's Académie Royale de Danse in 1661, where Pierre Beauchamp developed the five ballet positions. Early ballets were often accompanied by singing and were often incorporated into opera-ballets by such composers as J.-B. Lully. In the 18th century J.-G. Noverre and Gasparo Angiolini separately developed the dramatic ballet (ballet d'action) to tell a story through dance steps and mime, a reform echoed in C.W. Gluck's music. Significant developments in the early 19th century included pointe work (balance on the extreme tip of the toe) and the emergence of the prima ballerina, exemplified by Marie Taglioni and Fanny Elssler. In the late 19th and early 20th century Russia became the center of ballet production and performance, through such innovators as Sergey Diaghilev, Anna Pavlova, Vaslav Nijinsky, Marius Petipa, and Michel Fokine; great ballets were composed by P. Tchaikovsky and I. Stravinsky. Since then, ballet schools in Great Britain and the U.S. have elevated ballet in those countries to Russia's level and greatly increased its audience. See also American Ballet Theatre, Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo, Ballets Russes, Bolshoi Ballet, New York City Ballet, Royal Ballet.