什麼是喀威爾

Carver, George Washington

美國農業化學家和農藝學家。母親為女奴，幼年生活於農場主的種植園中，後來離開，作過各種卑賤的工作，一直到二十幾歲才獲得高中教育機會，後入愛荷華州立農學院，最後獲碩士學位。1896年為阿拉巴馬州塔斯基吉學院的農業研究負責人，協助制定南方農業開發計畫。為使他能集中精力於研究工作，華盛頓（B. T. Washington）於1910年免去其行政職務。他種植花生、黃豆等能使土壤變肥沃的作物，改革南方只生產棉花的單一農業經濟，以免造成土壤貧瘠。1940年花生已成為全美六種主要農作物之一，在南方成為僅次於棉花居第二位的經濟作物。後來從花生研究出三百多個衍生產品和從甘薯製造出一百一十八個衍生產品。第二次世界大戰期間，他發明五百種染料以取代不再能從歐洲獲得的染料。雖在國際獲得極大的聲譽，還有人提供非常好的工作機會給他，但他仍終生待在塔斯基吉學院。1940年捐出畢生積蓄在當地成立喀威爾研究基金會。

1861年～1943年

Carver, George Washington

U.S. agricultural chemist and agronomist. Born a slave near Diamond Grove, Mo., Carver lived until age 10 or 12 on his former owner's plantation, then left and worked at a variety of menial jobs. He did not obtain a high-school education until his late twenties; he then obtained bachelor's and master's degrees from Iowa State Agricultural College. In 1896 he joined Booker T. Washington at the Tuskegee Institute (now Tuskegee Univ.) in Alabama, where he became director of agricultural research. He was soon promoting the planting of peanuts and soybeans, legumes that he knew would help restore the fertility of southern U.S. soil depleted from cotton cropping. To make such crops profitable, he worked intensively with the sweet potato and the peanut (then not even recognized as a crop), ultimately developing 118 derivative products from sweet potatoes and 300 from peanuts. His efforts helped liberate the South from its untenable cotton dependency; by 1940 the peanut was the South's second largest cash crop. During World War II he devised 500 dyes to replace those no longer available from Europe. Despite international acclaim and extraordinary job offers, he remained at Tuskegee throughout his life, donating his life's savings in 1940 to establish the Carver Research Foundation at Tuskegee.