什麼是希特勒

Hitler, Adolf

納粹德國的獨裁者（1933～1945）。生於奧地利，在維也納的藝術生涯並不成功，1913年遷居慕尼黑。在第一次世界大戰中他是德國軍隊中的士兵，受過傷，也遭到過毒氣。戰後，他對戰敗與和平條款很反感，加入了慕尼黑的德國工黨（1919）。1920年他成為更名後的國家社會黨（或叫納粹黨）的宣傳部長，1921年成為該黨的領袖。他開始使用不斷的宣傳來發起群眾運動。該黨快速成長，在1923年的啤酒店暴動時達到了高潮，而他為此在監獄中服刑九個月，在獄中他開始撰寫惡毒的自傳《我的奮鬥》。他把種族之間的不平等視為自然的制度，他高抬「雅利安族」，同時提出反猶太主義、反共產主義和極端的德意志民族主義。1929年的經濟衰退又恢復了他的權力。在1930年的國會選舉中，納粹黨變成全國第二大黨，到1932年就成為最大的黨了。1932年希特勒競選總統失敗，但他通過陰謀獲得了合法權力。1933年興登堡邀請他擔任總理大臣。採用「領袖」頭銜後，他藉「授權法案」獲取了獨裁的權力，並在希姆萊和戈培爾的幫助下壓制反對派。希特勒還開始採取反猶太的措施，導致了一場大屠殺。他的侵略性的外交政策促成了「慕尼黑協定」的簽訂。他與墨索里尼結成羅馬-柏林軸心。1939年簽訂的「德蘇互不侵犯條約」使他能夠放心地入侵波蘭，揭開了第二次世界大戰的序幕。在戰爭初期得勝後，他常常會忽略將領們的意見而遭到頂撞。1945年面臨戰敗時，他在柏林的一處地下室掩體裡與愛娃.布勞恩結婚。第二天，兩人雙雙自殺身亡。

1889～1945年

Hitler, Adolf

Dictator of Nazi Germany (1933-45). Born in Austria, he had little success as an artist in Vienna before moving to Munich in 1913. As a soldier in the German army in World War I, he was wounded and gassed. After the war, resentful about defeat and the peace terms, he joined the German Workers' Party in Munich (1919). In 1920 he became head of propaganda for the renamed National Socialists, or Nazi Party, and in 1921 party leader. He set out to create a mass movement, using unrelenting propaganda. The party's rapid growth climaxed in the Beer Hall Putsch (1923), for which he served nine months in prison; there he started to write his virulent autobiography, Mein Kampf. Regarding inequality between races as part of the natural order, he exalted the “Aryan race” while propounding anti-Semitism, anticommunism, and extreme German nationalism. The economic slump of 1929 renewed his power. In the Reichstag elections of 1930 the Nazis became the country's second-largest party, and in 1932 the largest. Hitler ran for president in 1932 and lost, but he entered into intrigues to gain legitimate power, and in 1933 Paul von Hindenburg invited him to be chancellor. Adopting the title of Führer (“Leader”), he gained dictatorial powers by the Enabling Act and suppressed opposition with assistance from Heinrich Himmler and Joseph Goebbels. Hitler also began to enact anti-Jewish measures, leading to the Holocaust. His aggressive foreign policy led to the signing of the Munich agreement. He became allied with Benito Mussolini in the Rome-Berlin Axis. The German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact (1939) enabled him to invade Poland, precipitating World War II. After early successes in the war, he often ignored his generals and met dissent with ruthlessness. As defeat grew imminent in 1945, he married Eva Braun in an underground bunker in Berlin, and the next day they committed suicide.