什麼是希斯

Hiss, Alger

美國政府官員。他進入哈佛大學法學院，當了小霍姆茲的職員。1930年代他在美國國務院工作，作為羅斯福的顧問參加了雅爾達會議，任剛建立的聯合國的臨時祕書。1946～1949年任國際和平卡內基基金會主席。1948年錢伯斯向美國眾議員非美活動調查委員會指控希斯在1930年代曾是共產黨間諜網的成員。在沒有得到國會的豁免而公開了這一指控後，希斯控告錢伯斯誹謗罪。但當錢伯斯交出希斯交給他去送給蘇聯人的國務院檔案後，希斯被判偽證罪。1949年對他的第一次審判由於陪審團意見不一致而懸而未決。1950年第二次審判確定有罪。1954年他被釋放，仍然堅持抗議他是無罪的。1992年新開放的俄國檔案沒有發現希斯是蘇維埃間諜的證明，但1996年美國的安全檔案還認為他可能曾經是蘇聯代理人「阿切赫」。希斯的案件在麥卡錫時代是很轟動的，它也給尼克森帶來了國會調查員的名聲。

1904～1996年

Hiss, Alger

U.S. government official. Born in Baltimore, he attended Harvard Law School and clerked for Oliver Wendell, Jr. Holmes. He worked at the U.S. State Department in the 1930s, attended the Yalta Conference as an adviser to F. Roosevelt, was briefly temporary secretary general of the fledgling UN, and served as head of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 1946-49. In 1948 Whittaker Chambers testified before the House Committee on Un-American Activities that Hiss had been a fellow member of a Communist spy ring in the 1930s. Hiss sued Chambers for slander when the charge was made public, unprotected by congressional immunity. When Chambers produced State Department documents that Hiss had allegedly given him to pass to the Soviets, Hiss was indicted for perjury. His first trial ended with a hung jury in 1949; at his second trial (1950) he was found guilty. He was released from jail in 1954, still protesting his innocence. In 1992 newly opened Russian archives found no evidence that Hiss was a Soviet spy, but in 1996 U.S. security documents suggested that he could have been the Soviet agent “Ales.” The Hiss case ushered in the Joseph McCarthy era and brought Richard Nixon fame as a congressional investigator.