什麼是種族隔離政策

非洲語，意為分開或分離。南非（Sonth Africa）實行的一種隔離（segregation）政策，及對非白人在政治上和經濟上實行歧視。得到法律認可的種族隔離，1948年前在南非已廣泛實行，不過在這一年取得政權的國民黨將此一政策又加以擴充，並定名為種族隔離政策。1950年的「種族區域法」（Group Areas Act）為每一種族在市區建立了居住和商業的區段，其他種族的人不準在這些區段內居住、經營商業或擁有土地。為了推行種族隔離，防止黑人侵犯白人的地區，政府加強了現行的「通行法」（非白人進入禁制區時須攜帶許可證）。其他一些法律禁止種族之間的大部分社交接觸，准許公共設施分隔開來，建立分別的教育標準，每個種族只限於從事一定種類的職業，限制了非白人成立工會，並不準非白人（通過白人代表）參加國家政府。創設了數個非洲人家園。它們具有不同程度的自治權；但所有這些，在政治上和經濟上仍均從屬於南非。然而，南非經濟對非白人勞動力的依賴，使政府難以實現這一分別發展的政策。雖然政府有力量壓制幾乎所有對其政策的批評，但在南非內部卻總有一些人反對種族隔離政策。得到一些白人支援的非洲黑人團體，舉行遊行示威和罷工，發生過多起暴力抗議和破壞的事件。種族隔離政策也遭到國際社會的譴責。1990至1991年間廢止了為種族隔離政策提供法律依據的大多數社會立法。然而一貫的種族隔離在南非社會仍屬根深柢固，並且事實上還在繼續。亦請參閱African National Congress (ANC)、racism。

apartheid

(Afrikaans: “apartness” or “separateness”) Policy of segregation and political and economic discrimination against non-European groups in South Africa. The term was first used as the name of the official policy of the National Party in 1948, though racial segregation, sanctioned by law, was already widely practiced. The Group Areas Act of 1950 established residential and business sections in urban areas for each race and strengthened the existing “pass” laws, which required nonwhites to carry identification papers. Other laws forbade most social contacts between the races, authorized segregated public facilities, established separate educational standards, restricted each race to certain types of jobs, curtailed nonwhite labor unions, denied nonwhite participation in the national government, and established various black African “homelands,” partly self-governing units that were nevertheless politically and economically dependent on South Africa. Apartheid was always subject to internal criticism, and led to many violent protests, strikes, and acts of sabotage; it also received international censure. In 1990-91 most apartheid legislation was repealed, though segregation remains deeply entrenched in South African society. See also African National Congress, racism.