什麼是人格

個人行為和情感特徵的總和。人格涵蓋人的情緒、態度、意見、動機，還有思考、知覺、說話、表現的風格。人格造成個人獨特性的一部分。人格理論早已存在於大部分的文化和有史記載中。古希臘人運用生理學觀念來解釋氣質的異同。18世紀康德、孟德斯鳩、維科提出理解個人及團體差異的方法，而在20世紀早期，克雷奇默和心理分析學家弗洛伊德、阿德勒、容格等人都提出了競爭性的人格理論。弗洛伊德的模式基礎是受到原我、自我、超我結構成分調和的性心理驅力，還有意識與無意識動機的互動作用。個人所運用的一系列防衛機制是特別重要的。和弗洛伊德一樣，容格強調無意識動機，但不強調性，他提出一種典型理論，把人區分為內傾與外傾，並宣稱個別人格是源自傳承性種族記憶庫「集體無意識」的人格面貌（社會面貌）。後來埃裡克鬆、奧爾波特、羅傑茲的理論也具有影響力。當代的人格研究傾向經驗主義（以投射測驗的施行或人格調查表為基礎）而理論上較不全面，強調個人的認同及發展。人格特質通常被視為遺傳傾向和經驗的產物。亦請參閱personality disorder、psychological testing。

personality

Totality of an individual's behavioral and emotional characteristics. Personality embraces a person's moods, attitudes, opinions, motivations, and style of thinking, perceiving, speaking, and acting. It is part of what makes each individual distinct. Theories of personality have existed in most cultures and throughout most of recorded history. The ancient Greeks used their ideas about physiology to account for differences and similarities in temperament. In the 18th century, Immanuel Kant, C.-L. Montesquieu, and Giambattista Vico proposed ways of understanding individual and group differences; in the early 20th century Ernst Kretschmer and the psychoanalysts Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, and Carl Gustav Jung offered competing personality theories. Freud's model rested on the power of psychosexual drives as mediated by the structural components of the id, ego, and superego and the interplay of conscious and unconscious motives. Particularly important was the array of defense mechanisms an individual employed. Jung, like Freud, emphasized unconscious motives but de-emphasized sexuality and advanced a typal theory that classified people as introverts and extroverts, and claimed that an individual personality was a persona (social facade) drawn from the “collective unconscious,” a pool of inherited racial memories. Later theories by Erik Erikson, Gordon W. Allport, and Carl R. Rogers were also influential. Contemporary personality studies tend to be empirical (based on the administration of projective tests or personality inventories) and less theoretically sweeping, and to emphasize personal identity and development. Personality traits are usually seen as the product of both genetic predisposition and experience. See also personality disorder, psychological testing.