什麼是腓特烈一世

Frederick I

別名紅鬍子腓特烈（Frederick Barbarossa）。

士瓦本公爵（1147～1190）、德意志國王和神聖羅馬帝國皇帝（1152～1190）。他向教宗的權威挑戰，力圖支配歐洲君主國。1153年他迫使教宗尤金三世簽訂「康士坦茨條約」。1154年腓特烈發動對義大利北部的六次戰役中的第一次戰役，1158年發動第二次戰役並征服了米蘭。他支援敵對教宗對抗亞歷山大三世，1160年被亞歷山大三世革出教門。1174年腓特烈進行第五次義大利戰役，敗於倫巴底人。根據1177年「威尼斯和約」，腓特烈承認亞歷山大三世為真正的教宗。1183年與倫巴底簽訂和約。1180年征服了呂貝克，並通過諸侯會議廢黜了獅子亨利。他企圖控制諸侯越來越大的勢力，並在諸侯的地區之間建設自己的帝國領地。1189年他號召進行第三次十字軍東征，在土耳其渡河時溺死。

1123年～1190年

Frederick I

known asFrederick Barbarossa(“Redbeard”)Duke of Swabia (1147-90) and German king and Holy Roman Emperor (1152-90). He signed the Treaty of Constance (1153), which promised him the imperial crown in return for his allegiance to the papacy. In 1154 he launched the first of six military campaigns against northern Italy, and on his second campaign in 1158 he conquered Milan. His support for a rival pope against Alexander III led to his excommunication in 1160. Renewed expeditions against Italy met with opposition from the Lombard League. In the Peace of Venice (1177) he acknowledged Alexander III as the true pope, and a treaty with the Lombards was confirmed in 1183. Frederick conquered Lübeck in 1180 and broke the power of his chief rival, Duke Henry the Lion. He strengthened the feudal system and curbed the power of the princes by creating a stronger imperial administration. He launched the Third Crusade in 1189 but drowned while crossing a river in Turkey.