什麼是左拉

Zola, émile (-édouard-Charles-Antoine)

法國小說家、評論家和自然主義文學奠基人。父親死後，陷於貧困的境地。1862年進出版社工作。1864年出版了他的第一部短篇小說集。1867年，首次把科學理論付諸實踐（從科學的哲學觀點去全面解釋人生，從純物質的角度去看待人的行為和表現），發表了《黛萊絲.拉甘》。1871年開始發表《魯貢瑪卡家族》，《魯貢瑪卡家族》是二十部小說的小說集，是拿破崙三世上臺到1870年普法戰爭法國在色當失敗這段時期法國生活各個方面的寫照。1877年，研究酗酒後果的《酒店》問世，左拉一舉成名，從此踏上成功之路。其他重要的有《娜娜》（1880）、《萌芽》（1885）和《衣冠禽獸》（1890）等。身為自然主義運動的創立者，左拉出版了幾篇論文來闡釋自己的藝術理論，包括《實驗小說》（1880）。1898年介入德雷福斯事件在報中發表公開信，揭露法國總參謀部陷害德雷福斯的陰謀，左拉在巴黎死於煤氣中毒（有說他為政敵所害，但終因無根據而作罷）。

1840～1902年

Zola, émile (-édouard-Charles-Antoine)

French novelist and critic, the founder of naturalism in literature. Raised in straitened circumstances, Zola worked at a Paris publishing house for several years during the 1860s while establishing himself as a writer. In the gruesome novel Thérèse Raquin (1867), he put his “scientific” theories of the determination of character by heredity and environment into practice for the first time. In 1870 he began the ambitious project for which he is best known, the Rougon-Macquart Cycle (1871-93), a sequence of 20 novels documenting French life through the lives of the violent Rougon family and the passive Macquarts. It includes L'assommoir (1877), a study of alcoholism that is among his most successful and popular novels; Nana (1880); Germinal (1885), his masterpiece; and La bête humaine (1890). Among his other works are two shorter novel cycles and treatises explaining his theories on art, including The Experimental Novel (1880). He is also notable for his involvement in the Alfred Dreyfus affair, especially for his open letter, J'Accuse (1898), denouncing the French army general staff. He died under suspicious circumstances, overcome by carbon-monoxide fumes in his sleep.