什麼是三十年戰爭

Thirty Years' War

由於宗教、王朝、領土及商貿競爭等多種原因引起的歐洲地區一系列斷斷續續的衝突。全面的戰爭主要是由奧地利哈布斯堡王室控制的羅馬帝國和由瑞典、荷蘭反天主教勢力支援的新教諸侯之間發生的鬥爭。其中也包含了與哈布斯堡王室聯合的反法勢力。衝突爆發於1618年，但是未來的皇帝斐迪南二世在其統治區域對羅馬天主教施壓，導致新教貴族起義。「布拉格扔出窗外」事件（Defenestration of Prague）是此次戰爭的導火線。戰爭的戰場集中在德國諸侯國，因爭奪戰利品導致這些諸侯國遭到嚴重破壞。天主教聯盟早期的勝利與瑞典的軍事積累相抵消。西伐利亞和約（1648）標誌著「三十年戰爭」的結束。此後，歐洲的勢力均衡已經被完全打破。法國成為主要的西方強權國家，而神聖羅馬帝國的諸國也完全獨立，建立了由獨立國家組成的現代歐洲框架。

1618～1648年

Thirty Years' War

Series of intermittent conflicts in Europe fought for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries. The overall war was mainly a struggle between the Habsburg-controlled Holy Roman Empire and the Protestant principalities that relied on the chief anti-Catholic powers of Sweden and the Netherlands. It also involved the rivalry of France with the Habsburg powers, which formed anti-French alliances. The conflicts began in 1618 when the future emperor Ferdinand II tried to impose Roman Catholicism on his domains and the Protestant nobles rebelled; the war was sparked by the Defenestration of Prague. The battlefield centered on the principalities in Germany, which suffered severely from plundering armies. Early successes by the Catholic League were countered by military gains by Sweden. When the bloodshed ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648) , the balance of power in Europe had been radically changed. France emerged as the chief Western power and states of the Holy Roman Empire were granted full sovereignty, establishing a framework for a modern Europe of sovereign states.