World War I，亦作First World War。
1914～1918年發生的國際衝突，交戰雙方為同盟國（主要為德國、奧匈帝國和土耳其）與協約國（主要為法國、英國、俄國、義大利和日本，1917年還有美國）。1914年6月，一名塞爾維亞人民族主義分子刺殺了奧地利的法蘭西斯.斐迪南大公。隨即一連串的軍事威脅與軍事動員，終於使兩聯盟在8月中旬爆發了全面戰爭。德國長期以來準備在兩條戰線上進行陸地戰，在西線，其軍隊迂迴繞過法國主要防禦部隊，向西穿過比利時南下，直撲巴黎。法國得到增援，使巴黎倖免被佔領。由於現代大炮和機槍的巨大火力，戰爭迅速轉為消耗戰，1916年索姆河戰役與凡爾登戰役以及1918年初德國的大規模反攻均未能打破這一局面。在東線，1914年俄國早期的反攻深入東普魯士和德屬波蘭，但俄軍被德奧部隊截住。1915年在德軍一次驚人的反擊中俄軍被趕回本國領土。雖然俄軍又發動幾次反攻，卻無法突破德方防線。俄國作戰不力，傷亡慘重，引起國內廣泛不滿，導致1917年俄國革命。其他戰場雖包括加利波利和達達尼爾；高加索和波斯；美索不達米亞和埃及；的裡雅斯特西北的伊鬆佐河谷。在海上，德國與英國的艦隊間的日德蘭半島之戰，但未分勝負。德國使用艦艇，以阻斷英倫三島的海上供應線。促使美國於1917年參戰。1917年12月俄國與德國簽訂和約，退出戰爭。德軍從東線撤往西線，但因美軍抵達法國，將其力量抵銷。1918年秋，德國對西線的大反攻遭到失敗。協約國軍隊收復了德軍佔領的法國領土及比利時部分地區。11月德國與協約國簽訂停戰協定，據估計戰爭中死亡人數為一千萬，受傷人數為兩千一百萬，七百七十萬人失蹤或囚禁。亦請參閱Caporetto, Battle of、Fourteen Points、Lusitania、Paris Peace Conference、Brest-Litovsk, treaties of、Neuilly, Treaty of、Saint-Germain, Treaty of、Sevres, Treaty of、Trianon, Treaty of、Versailles, Treaty of、Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby、Foch, Ferdinand、French, John、Haig, Douglas、Hindenburg, Paul von、Joffre, Joseph-Jacques-Cesaire、Ludendorff, Erich、Pershing, John。
1914～1918年
World War I
International conflict between the Central Powers—Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—and the Allied Powers—mainly France, Britain, Russia, Italy, and (from 1917) the U.S. After a Serbian nationalist assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria in June 1914, a chain of threats and mobilizations resulted in a general war between the antagonists by mid-August. Prepared to fight a war on two fronts, based on the Schlieffen Plan, Germany first swept through neutral Belgium and invaded France. After the First Battle of the Marne (1914), the Allied defensive lines were stabilized in France, and a war of attrition began. Fought from lines of trenches and supported by modern artillery and machine guns, infantry assaults gained little ground and were enormously costly in human life, especially at the Battles of Verdun and the Somme (1916). On the Eastern front, Russian forces initially drove deep into East Prussia and German Poland (1914), but were stopped by German and Austrian forces at the Battle of Tannenberg and forced back into Russia (1915). After several offensives, the Russian army failed to break through the German defensive lines. Russia's poor performance and enormous losses caused widespread domestic discontent that led to the Russian Revolution of 1917. Other fronts in the war included the Dardanelles Campaign, in which British and Dominion forces were unsuccessful against Turkey; the Caucasus and Persia, where Russia fought Turkey; Mesopotamia and Egypt, where British forces fought the Turks; and northern Italy, where Italian and Austrian troops fought the costly Battles of the Isonzo. At sea, the German and British fleets fought the inconclusive Battle of Jutland, and Germany's use of the submarine against neutral shipping eventually brought the U.S. into the war in 1917. Though Russia's armistice with Germany in December 1917 released German troops to fight on the Western Front, the Allies were reinforced by U.S. troops in early 1918. Germany's unsuccessful offensive in the Second Battle of the Marne was countered by the Allies' steady advance, which recovered most of France and Belgium by October 1918 and led to the November Armistice. Total casualties were estimated at 10 million dead, 21 million wounded, and 7.7 million missing or imprisoned. See also Battles of Caporetto, Vimy Ridge, and Ypres; Fourteen Points; Lusitania; Paris Peace Conference; Treaties of Brest-Litovsk, Neuilly, Saint-Germain, Sèvres, Trianon, and Versailles; Edmund H. H. Allenby, Ferdinand Foch, John French, Douglas Haig, Paul von Hindenburg, Joseph-Jacques-Cesaire Joffre, Erich Ludendorff, John Pershing.
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