什麼是直覺主義

荷蘭數學家布勞爾（1881～1966）開啟的數學思想學派。直覺主義堅決主張數學論輪的主要目的是心智的建構。直覺主義人士挑戰許多數學最古老的定律，若沒有建設性就不具數學意義。例如直覺主義人士在涉及無限集合的數學證明之中不容許使用排中律（參閱thought, laws of）。在後設倫理上（參閱ethics），直覺主義是一種認知論，堅持有客觀存在的道德真理，用合理的直覺可以去理解，正如在數學上確認的一些不言而喻的真理。寇德華斯、摩爾（1614～1687）與克拉克（1675～1729）等人說明在事件與行動之間的恰當與否的道德判斷是來自理智的直覺。倫理學的直覺主義由一些著名的思想家支援，例如普來斯（1723～1791）；在20世紀則與普里查德（1871～1947）和羅斯的研究聯想在一起。

intuitionism

School of mathematical thought introduced by the Dutch mathematician Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer (1881-1966). It contends that the primary objects of mathematical discourse are mental constructions. Intuitionists have challenged many of the oldest principles of mathematics as being nonconstructive and hence mathematically meaningless. For example, intuitionists do not admit the use of the law of excluded middle (see laws of thought) in mathematical proofs in which all members of an infinite class are involved. In metaethics (see ethics), intuitionism is a form of cognitivism that maintains that there are objective moral truths that can be known by a kind of rational intuition akin to that by which we recognize self-evident truths in mathematics. Ralph Cudworth, Henry More (1614-1687), and Samuel Clarke (1675-1729) asserted that moral distinctions arise from an intellectual intuition of "fitness or unfitness" between circumstances and actions. Ethical intuitionism attracted the support of a line of distinguished thinkers, including Richard Price (1723-1791); in the 20th century, it was associated with the work of Harold Arthur Prichard (1871-1947) and W. D. Ross.